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Abstract. On the basis of local historical material the paper explains the necessity of modernization of agriculture in the 1920-1930s. The article highlights aggravation of the agrarian issue in Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries due to exhaustiveness of the extensive way of production: neither the tsarist nor the Provisional Government could resolve contradictions in agrarian relations. Only in the late 1920s the Soviet government started to eliminate the sector gap between industry and agriculture, i.e. to transfer agrarian production into intensive development.

Key words and phrases: модернизация, коллективизация, индустриализация, секторный разрыв, раскулачивание, интенсификация, modernization, collectivization, industrialization, sector gap, dispossession of kulaks, intensification